Sensible Heat in Air and Water

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Sensible Heat in Air and Water

March 19, 2018

Here is another great explanation from Michael Housh of Housh Home Energy in Ohio. Thanks, Michael!

I’m going to lay out and compare the sensible heat rate equations for both the air-side and water-side of HVAC to help draw similarities and dive deeper into the science behind these equations. This is the beginning of a series to try and help us all gain a deeper knowledge of where these equations come from. The more we learn about the two, the more similarities we can draw between them. Hopefully, this article will allow a technician to be more comfortable when faced with different systems in the field. I should also note that while the equations can be complex, they are a great reference for those who would like to build them into spreadsheets (or other formats). Sensible Heat Rate Equations:

Air	Water
Q = 1.08 * CFM * T	Q = 500 * GPM * T
Where:	Where:
Q = sensible heat transferred (BTU/hr)	Q = sensible heat transferred (BTU/hr)
CFM = quantity of air (ft³/min)	GPM = quantity of water (gallons/min)
T= dry bulb temperature difference (°F)	T= dry bulb temperature difference (°F)

The only thing I will say about the delta-T side is that it is the measurement of dry-bulb temperature; this is something I think all technicians know and have a decent grasp on. Like most things in our industry, these are “rules of thumb” equations. However, both derive from the same lower-level equation, which is as follows:

Q = M * C * T

Where: Q = sensible heat transferred (BTU/hr) M = mass of the fluid (lb/ft³) C = specific heat of the fluid (BTU/lb) T= dry bulb temperature difference (°F) I’ve often heard Bryan say that air-conditioning is about moving pounds of refrigerant. We move pounds of refrigerant to create air-conditioning, and we move pounds of air to deliver that air-conditioning to the space. As you may have gathered from the above equation, the sensible heat rate is derived from moving pounds of a substance (in our case, air or water). I’m not going to dive into the details of the above equation at this time, but I wanted to share where both of these equations stem from. What I’d like to break down in this article is a deeper understanding of where the 1.08 (air) and 500 (water) constants come from. Both CFM and GPM are what actually provide the “pounds” of the fluid (air is a fluid) based on density and specific heat. Density is defined as its mass per unit of volume (or weight per unit of volume), and specific heat is the rate at which an object will give off or absorb thermal energy. Both density and specific heat are moving targets, but the values used in the “rules of thumb” are listed below.

	Density (lb/ft³)	Specific Heat (BTU/lb)
Air @ 70°F & at sea-level (14.7 psia)	0.075	0.24
Water @ 60°F	62.37	1.0

I’m going to solve for the water-side first. We have to consider that our measurement for water is gallons per minute (GPM), so for anyone who doesn’t know, there are approximately 7.48 gallons in 1 cubic foot. Using the density from the table above, we can solve for the weight of one gallon of water 62.37/7.48 = 8.34 lb @ 60°F. Since our end result of the sensible heat rate equation is BTU/hour, we have to convert our GPM -> GPH (gallons per hour). So, our 500 is a simplification of the following values:

Constant = 8.34 (lbs/gal) * 60 (min) * 1 (specific heat) = 500

When we provide the GPM in the sensible heat rate equation for water, we have already accounted for its density (mass), specific heat, and the conversion to gallons per hour. Next, let’s look at the air-side. Here, we have to consider (just like in the water-side) that our measurement is in cubic feet per minute (CFM), and since we are solving for BTU/hour, we will have to convert CFM – > CFH (cubic feet per hour). We also have to use the density to account for the mass of air that we are moving and the specific heat. So, our 1.08 is a simplification of the following values:

Constant = .075 (density [ lbs/ft3]) * 60 (min) * 0.24 (specific heat) = 1.08

So, just like the water-side, when we provide CFM to the sensible heat rate equation, we have already accounted for its density (mass), specific heat, and the conversion to cubic feet per hour. I hope I haven’t utterly confused you on such a technical topic, but stay tuned for more in the series to help bring the sensible heat rate equation (and the air/water side) closer together. —Michael Housh

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