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Compressor Performance Analysis
This article is written by a regular contributor, experienced rack refrigeration tech, and RSES CM Jeremy Smith. Thanks, Jeremy. Also, there is a podcast out about what kills compressors HERE.
A technique that you can use to diagnose compressor problems and help differentiate them from other possible issues is compressor performance analysis.
Manufacturers do extensive testing of their compressors before they sell them, and a part of that testing is available to you as a troubleshooting tool: the compressor performance chart. I'll primarily refer to Copeland compressors, as they are what I service most, but I've been able to find charts and data from other manufacturers through their websites and tech support lines.
Let's look at a real-world example. I went to do a follow-up check after a major leak and recharge on a set of freezers. On arrival, the cases, which had been running now for 14 or 15 hours since having been repaired, weren't as cold as expected. Checking the unit, here is what I found:
Copeland compressor
2DA3-060L-TFC
R404A
27# suction
185# discharge
209v (average of all 3 legs)
13.9A draw.
Unit at 18-20°F
The suction line was cool to the touch, and the sight glass had a thin ‘river’ of refrigerant in it. The high suction pressure really jumped out at me here as worthy of more consideration.
Now, a high suction pressure in this instance can be caused by a high load (note the high unit temperature), or it can be caused by a compressor problem. Looking over the data here, I was concerned about the health of the compressor and its ability to pump properly. I did a quick “pump down test” and found it inconclusive. The compressor pulled to 24” Hg easily and held there. Still, I wasn't happy with this, so I pulled out my smartphone and opened the Copeland Mobile app.
A quick note on pump down ‘tests’. They really aren't effective on most modern compressors.
Entering the model of the compressor leads you to select the application (R502 low temp, which is closest to R404a low temp). Selecting the “Diagnostics” tab brings you to a screen where you and input pertinent data, and the app then outputs both the expected amperage at your conditions and the percent deviation
from the norm.
In this case, my expected amperage was significantly higher than my observed amperage, so the high suction was definitely caused by a compressor problem.
I recovered the refrigerant from the machine and removed the compressor head and valve plate for internal evaluation.
Finding a single broken suction reed, the rest of the internals were intact, making this a good candidate for a new valve plate. I installed new valve plates, evacuated and restarted the machine, and re-evaluated the operation.
Had this been a hermetically sealed compressor, I would have had no choice but to condemn and replace the compressor. This time, the amperage was within 5% of specifications (sorry, I didn't get a screenshot), and I continued to monitor unit operation until equipment reached 0° F, verified and completed proper
charging of the unit and called it a day.
Why not use RLA (Rated Load Amps) (? Or use LRA÷6 (Or is it 8?) to diagnose?
The simple answer is that they just aren't sufficiently accurate enough for me dealing with high stakes, high-dollar equipment, and they shouldn't be accurate enough for you, either.
Let's return to my real-world example…
The compressor has a listed RLA of 25.8 and an LRA (Locked Rotor Amps) of 161.0. Now look back at the original screenshot of the app. It calls for an amp draw of 17.09A at that set of conditions. If we compared that to the RLA, even the correct amperage looks low. If we use common LRA divisors, 161 ÷ 6 gives us 26.83A, and 161 ÷ 8 gives us 20.125A. Maybe a little better than the RLA method but still off by a significant amount. Enough to cause concern and possibly lead to an incorrect diagnosis.
Not one of these methods gives us an accurate expected amperage for this machine. That inaccuracy can lead us to draw a bad conclusion and potentially wasting time and money pursuing a “bad” compressor that is, in fact, working exactly as it should.
Like most things in HVAC/R, using a fixed operational target without considering the specific conditions can lead to misdiagnosis and a lot of wasted time. You would be surprised what is available within manufacturer specs if you take the time to look.
—Jeremy Smith, CM
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Comments
To avoid any potential confusion, I would like to clarify the definition of “RLA”. It translates to Rated Load Amps, not Run Load Amps. In other words, it is used for the purpose of sizing wires, contactors, and other electrical devices supplying power to the compressor. Interpreting it as Run Load, tends to confuse it with Full Load Amps.
Full Load Amperage (FLA). As the load or torque on a motor increases, the amperage draw required to power the motor will also increase. When the full-load torque and horsepower of the motor is reached, the corresponding amperage the motor is drawing is referred to as the full load amperage (FLA). FLA is determined in a laboratory situation and is printed on the motor’s nameplate. It is used to select the correct wire size, overload, and motor starter devices to serve and protect the motor.
• Rated Load Amperage (RLA). As it relates to HVACR, Rated Load Amperage (RLA) is a mathematical calculation used to get Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approval for a certain compressor motor. It should not be confused with Full Load Amps (FLA). The term Full Load Amps (FLA) has not been used by compressor manufacturers since 1972, when UL changed the term to Rated Load Amps (RLA).
This is basically what I learned from Copeland, some years back,[25?].
To avoid any potential confusion, I would like to clarify the definition of “RLA”. It translates to Rated Load Amps, not Run Load Amps. In other words, it is used for the purpose of sizing wires, contactors, and other electrical devices supplying power to the compressor. Interpreting it as Run Load, tends to confuse it with Full Load Amps.
Full Load Amperage (FLA). As the load or torque on a motor increases, the amperage draw required to power the motor will also increase. When the full-load torque and horsepower of the motor is reached, the corresponding amperage the motor is drawing is referred to as the full load amperage (FLA). FLA is determined in a laboratory situation and is printed on the motor’s nameplate. It is used to select the correct wire size, overload, and motor starter devices to serve and protect the motor.
• Rated Load Amperage (RLA). As it relates to HVACR, Rated Load Amperage (RLA) is a mathematical calculation used to get Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approval for a certain compressor motor. It should not be confused with Full Load Amps (FLA). The term Full Load Amps (FLA) has not been used by compressor manufacturers since 1972, when UL changed the term to Rated Load Amps (RLA).
This is basically what I learned from Copeland, some years back,[25?].
I guess that also seemed confusing, I was in a hurry that afternoon.
I guess my problem with mixing those is that you can expect to see FLA, although it isn’t often. Rated Load Amps, however, is one you should really never see. If you do, something’s wrong. I train a lot of refrigeration techs, and getting the Run Load terminology out of the vocabulary seems to help during the diagnostic process. Put simply, we’re just not looking for that number while things are good. Run Load sounds friendly?
Thanks
I guess that also seemed confusing, I was in a hurry that afternoon.
I guess my problem with mixing those is that you can expect to see FLA, although it isn’t often. Rated Load Amps, however, is one you should really never see. If you do, something’s wrong. I train a lot of refrigeration techs, and getting the Run Load terminology out of the vocabulary seems to help during the diagnostic process. Put simply, we’re just not looking for that number while things are good. Run Load sounds friendly?
Thanks
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